بـسـم الله والحـمـد لله والـصلاة والـسـلام عــلى رسـول الله، وبـعـد
﴿اللَّهُ وَلِيُّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا يُخْرِجُهُمْ مِنَ الظُّلُمَاتِ
إِلَى النُّورِ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَوْلِيَاؤُهُمُ الطَّاغُوتُ يُخْرِجُونَهُمْ
مِنَ النُّورِ إِلَى الظُّلُمَاتِ أُولَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ هُمْ فِيهَا
خَالِدُونَ﴾
{Allaah is the Walee (Protector or Guardian) of those who
believe. He brings them out from darkness into light. But as for those who
disbelieve, their Auliyaa’ (supporters and helpers) are Taaghoot (false
deities), they bring them out from light into darkness. Those are the dwellers
of the Fire, and they will abide therein forever.} [Surah al-Baqarah (2): 257]
What follows is the Tafseer of the above Aayah from the
following books of Tafaaseer:
Tafseer al-Baghawee.
Tafseer Ibn al-Katheer.
Tafseer al-Sa`dee.
Tafseer al-Baghawee
Imaam al-Baghawee رحمه
الله said in his Tafseer:
Allaah تعالى says:
﴿اللَّهُ وَلِيُّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا﴾
{Allaah is the
Walee of those who believe.}
Meaning: “He تعالى will support them and help them”. It is also said: “He تعالى will love
them.” It is further said: “He تعالى will take care of their affairs and will not leave it for
someone else.”
Hasan al-Basree said: “He تعالى will guide them.”
﴿ يُخْرِجُهُمْ مِنَ الظُّلُمَاتِ إِلَى النُّورِ ﴾
{He brings them out from darkness into light.}
Meaning: (guide them) from Kufr to Imaan.
Al-Waaqidee said: “In the Qur’aan, whenever the words الظلمات (darkness)
and النور (light) are mentioned together, the
intended meaning is: (the darkness of) Kufr and (the light of) Imaan except for
the Aayah in Surah al-An`aam:
﴿
وَجَعَلَ الظُّلُمَاتِ وَالنُّورَ ﴾
{(and He تعالى) originated the darkness and the
light}, here it means the night and the day.
Kufr is referred as Darkness due to its path being obscure;
and Islaam is referred as Light due to the clarity of its path.”
﴿ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَوْلِيَاؤُهُمُ الطَّاغُوتُ ﴾
{But as for those who disbelieve, their Auliyaa’
(supporters and helpers) are Taaghoot (false deities)}
Maqaatil said: “meaning: Ka`b bin al-Ashraf and Hayyi bin
Akhtab and all the other heads of misguidance.”
The word “al-Taaghoot” can refer to either a male,
female, singular or plural.
The mention of the word “al-Taaghoot” in a single masculine
form in the Qur’aan:
﴿يُرِيدُونَ أَنْ يَتَحَاكَمُوا
إِلَى الطَّاغُوتِ وَقَدْ أُمِرُوا أَنْ يَكْفُرُوا بِهِ﴾
{and they (the hypocrites)
wish to go for judgment (in their disputes) to the Taaghoot (false judge) while they were
commanded to reject it} [Surah
al-Nisaa’ (4):60]
The mention of the word “al-Taaghoot” in a feminine form:
﴿وَالَّذِينَ
اجْتَنَبُوا الطَّاغُوتَ أَنْ يَعْبُدُوهَا﴾
{But those who have avoided Taaghoot, lest they worship
it*} [Surah
al-Zumar (39):17]
*[Translators Note: The
word worship in `Arabic has been mentioned in the Aayah in feminine form]
The mention of the word “al-Taaghoot” in plural form:
﴿ يُخْرِجُونَهُمْ مِنَ النُّورِ إِلَى الظُّلُمَاتِ ﴾
{they bring them out from light into darkness}
If it is said: “How can they be taken out of light, whereas
they are Kuffaar and were never in the light in the first place?” The reply: “They
are the Jews, who used to believe in the coming of (Prophet) Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم,
which was mentioned in their Books. But when he صلى الله
عليه وسلم came, they rejected
him. And in general, this applies to every Kaafir.”
It is said: “They prevented themselves from entering it (the
light), as how Allaah تعالى informed us
about Yusuf عليه السلام:
﴿إِنِّي تَرَكْتُ مِلَّةَ قَوْمٍ
لا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ﴾
{Verily, I have abandoned
the religion of a people (i.e. the people of Egypt) that believe not in Allaah
and are disbelievers in the Hereafter} [Surah Yusuf (12): 37]; even
though he عليه السلام never
believed in their religion in the first place to abandon it.”
--end of quote from Tafseer
al-Baghawee.
Tafseer Ibn Katheer
Imaam Ibn Katheer رحمه
الله said in his Tafseer:
Allaah تعالى stated that whoever follows what pleases Him, He تعالى will guide him to the paths of peace,
that is Islaam, or Paradise. Verily, Allaah delivers His believing servants from
the darkness of disbelief, doubt and hesitation, to the light of the plain,
clear, explained, easy and unequivocal truth. He also stated that Shaitaan is
the supporter of the disbelievers who beautifies the paths of ignorance and
misguidance that they follow, thus causing them to deviate from the true path
into disbelief and wickedness.
﴿أُولَئِكَ
أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ﴾
{Those are the
dwellers of the Fire, and they will abide therein forever.}
This is why Allaah تعالى mentioned the
light in the singular while mentioned the darkness in the plural, because truth
is one, while disbelief comes as several types, all of which are false.
Similarly, Allaah تعالى said:
﴿وَأَنَّ هَـذَا صِرَطِي مُسْتَقِيمًا فَاتَّبِعُوهُ وَلاَ
تَتَّبِعُواْ السُّبُلَ فَتَفَرَّقَ بِكُمْ عَن سَبِيلِهِ ذَلِكُمْ وَصَّـكُمْ
بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ ﴾
{And verily, this is my
straight path, so follow it, and follow not (other) paths, for they will
separate you away from His path. This He has ordained for you that you may have
Taqwa} [Surah al-An`aam (6): 153]
He تعالى also said:
﴿وَجَعَلَ الظُّلُمَـتِ
وَالنُّورَ﴾
{And originated the darknesses and the light} [Surah
al-An`aam (6):1]
He تعالى also said:
﴿ عَنِ الْيَمِينِ وَالشَّمَائِلِ ﴾
{to the right and to the lefts} [Surah al-Nahl
(16): 48]
There are many other Aayat on the subject that mention
the truth in the singular and falsehood in the plural, because of falsehood's
many divisions and branches.
--end of quote from Tafseer Ibn
Katheer.
Tafseer al-Sa`dee
Shaikh al-Sa`dee رحمه
الله commented:
“(Allaah تعالى after mentioning about the people who have grasped the most
trustworthy handhold), He تعالى then
mentions the reason that led them to that (position), He تعالى said:
﴿اللَّهُ وَلِيُّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا﴾
{Allaah is the
Walee of those who believe.}
This includes their true Wilaayah (friendship) towards
their Lord, for they turn towards Him (in worship) and seek none but Him nor do
they associate anyone with Him (in worship). They love Him and have taken Him
as their Walee (Protector and Guardian). They befriend His Auliyaa’ and have
enmity towards His enemies. (He تعالى in return) befriended them and favored them with His Kindness
and Blessings.
He تعالى took them out of the darkness of Kufr, disobedience and ignorance towards the light of Imaan, obedience and knowledge (and awareness). He تعالى will (further) reward them by protecting them from the darkness of the grave, (the trials of) Hashr (the place where the people will be gathered) and of the Day of Judgment, and will lead them to eternal bliss, comfort and happiness.
He تعالى took them out of the darkness of Kufr, disobedience and ignorance towards the light of Imaan, obedience and knowledge (and awareness). He تعالى will (further) reward them by protecting them from the darkness of the grave, (the trials of) Hashr (the place where the people will be gathered) and of the Day of Judgment, and will lead them to eternal bliss, comfort and happiness.
And His تعالى saying:
﴿ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَوْلِيَاؤُهُمُ الطَّاغُوتُ ﴾
{But as for those who disbelieve, their Auliyaa’
(supporters and helpers) are Taaghoot (false deities)}
Meaning: they have befriended the Shaytaan and his allies,
and have taken other than Allaah as their Walee, and have turned away from Him تعالى, leaving the
protection of their Lord and their Master. As a punishment (Allaah تعالى made the
Shayaateen) to overpower them, constantly inciting them towards the
disobedience (of their Lord), bothering them and annoying them. They (the
Shayaateen) take them away from the light of Imaan, knowledge and obedience
towards the darkness of Kufr, ignorance and disobedience. And their punishment
will be that they will be prevented from doing any good and they will miss out
on Paradise and the everlasting happiness, and they will be with the Shaytaan
and his allies in the House of sorrow (i.e. the Hellfire), as Allaah تعالى says:
﴿ أُولَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ﴾
{Those are the dwellers of the Fire, and they will abide
therein forever.}
--end
of Quote from Tafseer al-Sa`dee.
Tafseer Al-`Uthaymeen
Shaikh al-`Uthaymeen رحمه
الله commented:
The saying Allaah تعالى:
﴿اللَّهُ وَلِيُّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا﴾
{Allaah is the Walee of those who believe} i.e.
their Guardian and Protector; meaning: (enjoying the benefits) of the special
friendship.
And from its benefits is the saying of Allaah تعالى:
﴿يُخْرِجُهُمْ مِنَ الظُّلُمَاتِ إِلَى النُّورِ﴾
{He brings them out from darkness into light.}.
“Al-Noor” (light) has been mentioned in singular form
because (the path towards the truth) is only one path. Whereas “al-Dhulumaat”
(darkness) has been mentioned in plural form because of its many types, it
could be darkness of ignorance or darkness of Kufr or darkness of disobedience.
As for darkness of ignorance: the similitude of an
ignorant person is that of a blind man, bewildered, don’t know where to go as
Allaah تعالى said:
﴿أَوَمن
كان ميتاً فأحييناه وجعلنا له نوراً يمشي به في الناس﴾
{Is he who was dead
(without Faith by ignorance) and We gave him life (by knowledge and Faith) and
set for him a light (of Belief) whereby he can walk amongst men}
[Surah al-An`aam (6): 122]
This was the similitude of the person who has `Ilm.
﴿
كمن مثله في الظلمات ليس بخارج منها ﴾
{like him who is in the
darkness from which he can never come out?} [Surah al-An`aam (6):
122]
This was the similitude of an ignorant person.
As for the darkness of Kufr, (then know) that Imaan is
light, with which the people are guided, illuminating their hearts and faces
and its opposite is Kufr.
As for the darkness of disobedience, then this is partial
darkness; increasing and decreasing depending upon the number of sins the
person has committed. The evidence for it is that the Prophet صلى الله
عليه وسلم had informed us that
when a person commits a sin, a black dot is marked on his heart,* and this
black (spot) is darkness (dhulm). The spot is removed through repentance, and
it increases due to persistently committing sins.
So Darkness is of three types: darkness of ignorance,
Kufr and disobedience; and opposite of it is the Light of `Ilm, Imaan and
steadfastness (upon the deen).
*[The complete Hadeeth: Narrated
Abu Hurairah رضي الله عنه: the
Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم
said: “When someone commits a sin, a black dot
is marked on his heart. When he abandons it and seeks forgiveness and repents,
his heart is cleaned (and spotless), but if he persists and returns (to the
sin), then the dots are added till blackness covers his heart as Allaah has
said: {By no means! But on their hearts is
the stain of the (ill) which they do!}” [Surah al-Mutaffifeen (83): 14]]
Allaah تعالى further
said:
﴿ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَوْلِيَاؤُهُمُ الطَّاغُوتُ ﴾
{But as for those who disbelieve, their Auliyaa’ are
Taaghoot}
If one were to ponder over this sentence and the one
before it, he will find that these two sentences differ on the way these
sentences were constructed.
The sentence:
﴿اللَّهُ وَلِيُّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا ﴾
{Allaah is the Walee of those who believe}
comprises of three things:
First: The heart rejoices when the Name of Allaah تعالى is mentioned
first.
Second: The blessings when the Name of Allaah is
mentioned first.
Third: The showing of gratitude by Allaah upon these
people, that it was Allaah تعالى who favored
them in the first place – He تعالى took them
out from darkness into light.
As for the second sentence:
﴿ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَوْلِيَاؤُهُمُ الطَّاغُوتُ ﴾
{But as for those who disbelieve, their Auliyaa’ are
Taaghoot}
The reason why this sentence is not in the same order as
the previous one, so that one could to read it as: “the Taaghoot are the
Auliyaa’ of those who disbelieve”, the wisdom behind it is:
First: The Taaghoot
can never and should not be equaled with the Name of Allaah تعالى.
Second: The
Taaghoot is lesser and unworthy that the sentence should begin with his name.
Third: And
beginning the sentence with: {But as for those who disbelieve}, this way it
is for condemning them faster than mentioning their name in the end.
And in the saying of Allaah تعالى:
﴿ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا﴾
{But as for those who disbelieve}
i.e. disbelieving in everything that one is obliged to
have believed, either disbelieving in Allaah تعالى or His Messengers or His angels or the Day
of Judgment or the Qadr or other than that in which a person has to have faith
(e.g. the existence of Paradise and Hell, punishment of the grave, existence of
the Jinn etc.).
And His تعالى saying:
﴿ أَوْلِيَاؤُهُمُ ﴾
{their Auliyaa’}
The word Auliyaa’ is the plural of Walee. This is so
mentioned because of many different types (and paths) of Shirk and Kufr, unlike
the path of Truth, for it is only one. This is like the saying of Allaah تعالى:
﴿ وأن هذا صراطي مستقيماً فاتبعوه ولا تتبعوا السبل فتفرق بكم
عن سبيله ﴾
{And, [moreover], this is My path, which is straight, so follow it; and
do not follow [other] ways, for you will be separated from His way.}
[Surah al-An`aam (6): 153]
And the saying of Allaah تعالى:
﴿ يُخْرِجُونَهُمْ ﴾
{they bring them out}
The pronoun “they” is used in plural to refer to Taghoot so
that all the types (of Taaghoot) are included.
And the saying of Allaah تعالى:
﴿يُخْرِجُونَهُمْ مِنَ النُّورِ إِلَى الظُّلُمَاتِ﴾
{they bring them out from light into darkness.}
An issue (in
regards to being taken out of light), because what is apparent is that: they
are those who first believed, so they entered the light; then they disbelieved,
so they were taken out of it; as well as it includes those who were originally
Kaafir.
The answer: It could either mean those who were first
upon faith and then taken out as what is apparent from the text. Or it is said
that it could mean in reference to the Fitrah (instinct). For every
newborn is born on the Fitrah – the safe and sound Fitrah, Imaan – and then
were taken out of it. As what the Prophet صلى الله
عليه وسلم had said:
“Every child is born upon
Fitrah (i.e. with a true faith of Islaam - to worship none but Allaah Alone) and
then his parents convert him to Judaism or Christianity or Magianism”
[Saheeh al-Bukhaaree (1358, 1385) and Saheeh Muslim (6423, 6426, 6428)]
Benefits:
i. From the
benefits of this Aayah is: the excellence of Imaan and the attainment of the Wilaayah
of Allaah عز وجل
because of it as He تعالى says:
﴿اللَّهُ وَلِيُّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا ﴾
{Allaah is the Walee of those who believe.}
ii. And from
its benefit is: the affirmation of the Wilaayah of Allaah عز وجل, i.e. He تعالى is the Walee
(Protector and Guardian) of His servants. The Wilaayah is of two types:
First: The general
Wilaayah, meaning that Allaah takes care of all of His creation, and it is not
limited to the Believers only. As Allaah تعالى says:
﴿وردوا
إلى الله مولاهم الحق وضل عنهم ما كانوا يفترون﴾
{and they will be brought
back to Allaah, their rightful Lord (Maula) , and their invented false deities
will vanish from them.} [Surah Yunus (10): 30] Meaning the Kaafir.
Second: the
Wilaayah which is specific only for the Believers. As Allaah تعالى says:
﴿
ذلك بأن الله مولى الذين آمنوا وأن الكافرين لا مولى لهم ﴾
{That is because Allaah is the Maula (Lord, Master, Helper, Protector,
etc.) of those who believe, and the disbelievers have no Maula}
[Surah Muhammad (47):11]
And as Allaah تعالى says:
﴿اللَّهُ وَلِيُّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا ﴾
{Allaah is the Walee of those who believe.}
The first point is for confirming that Allaah تعالى has complete
and perfect authority and control over all His creation. The second point is
for confirming His تعالى Compassion,
Mercy and the Success granted by Him.
iii. And
from the benefits of this Aayah is: One
of the fruits of Imaan is Allaah’s guidance for the Believer. As he تعالى said:
﴿ يُخْرِجُهُمْ مِنَ الظُّلُمَاتِ إِلَى النُّورِ ﴾
{He brings them out from darkness into light.}
iv. Another
benefit we learn from this Aayah is: The Auliyaa’ of the Kuffaar are the
Taaghoot, irrespective of their following them, worshiping them or obeying
them.
v. And from
its benefit is: Allaah عز وجل freeing
Himself from the disbelievers. This taken from what is said and what is
understood. From the Aayah:
﴿اللَّهُ وَلِيُّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا ﴾
{Allaah is the Walee of those who believe.}
it is understood from it that Allaah is not the Walee of
the disbelievers.
And from the speech is His تعالى saying:
﴿ وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَوْلِيَاؤُهُمُ الطَّاغُوتُ ﴾
{But as for those who disbelieve, their Auliyaa’ are
Taaghoot}
This is opposite of the saying of Allaah تعالى: {Allaah is the
Walee of those who believe.}
vi. And from
its benefit we learn: from the fruits of al-Kufr is that it leads one towards
misguidance – and Allaah’s refuge is sought; as Allaah تعالى said:
﴿ يُخْرِجُونَهُمْ مِنَ النُّورِ إِلَى الظُّلُمَاتِ ﴾
{they bring them out from light into darkness.}
One meaning of being taken out includes: being taken out
of the light and into darkness due to their turning away from the light (truth).
And the other meaning of being taken out is: they will continue into darkness.
vii. And
from it benefits is: al-Kufr in opposition to al-Imaan due to the saying of
Allaah تعالى: {those who believe} and {those who disbelieve}, but does this mean
that they cannot be found in a person together?
The answer: As per the correct opinion, they can be found
together in a person, and this is the Madhhab of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jamaa`ah as
per the saying of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم:
“Abusing a Muslim is Fusuq
(an evil doing) and killing him is Kufr (disbelief)” [Saheeh
al-Bukhaaree (48, 6044, 7076) and Saheeh Muslim (116)]
But this type of Kufr does not remove a person from the
folds of Islaam, as Allaah تعالى says:
﴿وَإِن
طَائِفَتَانِ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ اقْتَتَلُوا فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَهُمَا فَإِن بَغَتْ إِحْدَاهُمَا عَلَى الْأُخْرَىٰ فَقَاتِلُوا
الَّتِي تَبْغِي حَتَّىٰ تَفِيءَ إِلَىٰ أَمْرِ اللَّـهِ فَإِن فَاءَتْ فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَهُمَا بِالْعَدْلِ
وَأَقْسِطُوا إِنَّ اللَّـهَ يُحِبُّ الْمُقْسِطِينَ
* إِنَّمَا الْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِخْوَةٌ فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَ أَخَوَيْكُمْ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّـهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ﴾
{And if two parties or
groups among the believers fall to fighting, then make peace between them both,
but if one of them rebels against the other, then fight you (all) against the
one that which rebels till it complies with the Command of Allaah; then if it
complies, then make reconciliation between them justly, and be equitable.
Verily! Allaah loves those who are equitable. * The believers are nothing else
than brothers (in Islaamic religion). So make reconciliation between your
brothers, and fear Allaah, that you may receive mercy.} [Surah
al-Hujuraat (49): 9-10]
The Isaamic brotherhood is still affirmed for the killer
even though he has killed (a Muslim) and even though the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم
said: “it (killing a Muslim) is Kufr.”
Look at a person, he might lie – and this is the trait of the hypocrites; he
may have jealousy and hatred – and this is the trait of the Jews; he may be
truthful – and this is the trait of the Believers; and he maybe altruism – this
is again a characteristic of the Believers.
But as for absolute Kufr – then this is what removes a
person out of Islaam – and it is impossible for it (absolute kufr) to combine
together in a person.
viii. And
another benefit from this Aayah: Affirmation of the existence of the Hellfire,
due to the saying of Allaah تعالى:
﴿ أُولَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ﴾
{Those are the dwellers of the Fire}
The Hellfire already exists; for Allaah تعالى also said:
﴿واتقوا
النار التي أعدت للكافرين﴾
{And fear the Fire, which
is prepared for the disbelievers.} [Surah aal-`Imraan (3):
131]
Allaah تعالى said: {prepared}, in the past tense. It is also
affirmed from the Sunnah that the Prophet صلى الله
عليه وسلم had seen the
Hellfire many times, like during the incident of the Solar eclipse, and he صلى الله عليه وسلم
had seen `Amr bin Luhai dragging his intestines in the Hellfire; or about the
narration where he mentioned that the woman is being punished for not taking
proper care of the cat.
Anyways, the main point is that Hellfire already been created. Like every other creation, it has a beginning, for it was created by Allaah تعالى and it will be eternal and it will not extinguish, as Allaah تعالى says:
Anyways, the main point is that Hellfire already been created. Like every other creation, it has a beginning, for it was created by Allaah تعالى and it will be eternal and it will not extinguish, as Allaah تعالى says:
﴿والذين
كفروا لهم نار جهنم لا يقضى عليهم فيموتوا ولا يخفف عنهم من عذابها كذلك نجزي كل
كفور﴾
{But those who disbelieve,
(in the Oneness of Allaah - Islamic Monotheism) for them will be the Fire of
Hell. Neither it will have a complete killing effect on them so that they die,
nor shall its torment be lightened for them. Thus do We requite every
disbeliever!} [Surah Faatir (35): 36]
The eternal existence of Hell and its inhabitants has
been mentioned in the Qur’aan three times*.
And with this we know that anyone who says that: “it will be extinguished”, is wrong.
Saying that it will extinguish is a rejected statement, going against the
Shar`ee evidence.
*[References: Surah
al-Nisaa’ (4): 169; Surah al-Ahzaab (33): 65; Surah al-Jinn (72): 23]
ix. Another
benefit: The Kuffaar will dwell eternally in the Hellfire due to the saying of
Allaah تعالى:
﴿ أُولَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ﴾
{Those are the companions of the Fire}
Companionship with a thing is only established when it is
accompanied all the time.
x. Further
benefit: The eternal existence in Hell is specific only for the Kuffaar. But as
for the Believers who will enter the Hell (as a punishment for their sins),
will not abide therein forever due to the saying of Allaah تعالى:
﴿هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ﴾
{they (the Kuffaar) will abide therein forever}
which means those other than them (i.e. the Believers) will
be taken out.
--end of quote from Tafseer
al-`Uthaymeen.
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